The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 4

THE GUARDIAN WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 3 1960 WELFARE STATE "ONLY BISHOPSCOURT AT LAGOS League condemns export of live horses IN NAME 99 Prohibition the only solution 99 rVri iJV 1 4 Hidden minority in distress ft rn By our own Reporter In our affluent and prospering hotel rooms or the deposit on a house society there is still a considerable, 1 fUte yet comfortably hidden, minority welfare. who live in conditions of extreme The first remedy. Mrs Harvey main- tains, is for the Government to put poverty and acute distress and who, tne housing needs of the poor before for all the organisation of the social those of the rich. In 1959 it mm- estimated mat were wamn; 'ir 11' The following statement on the Irish horse traffic was issued yester- day by the honorary secretary, Mrs M. F.

Colvin, of the International League for the Protection of Horses, Thp dwision of the Govprnment of decision 01 tne Lxovernmeni or Eire to permit further exports of live horses for butchery is a blow to those who were hoping that recent dis- closures would have brought a change of attitude. The Prime Minister of the Republic has declared that there is no cruelty and that shipping conditions ar etrietlv This is nai'w SfJS 1 vif-lL indeed No responsible person has accused the Irish inspectors or animal handlers or crews of negligence or cruelty. Can the Prime Minister deny, however, that this Irish export trade has involved appalling suffering for the horses at sea and leads to the probability oi revolting cruelty from the French port to the slaughter point? It is timely, in view of the many uninformed and misleading comments that have gained publicity, to make a reasoned review of the traffic and of the issues involved. The League is well mi alined to do so" weu quaunea xo ao so. Wn 1- Worse III trance The league through its agents in the Irish Republic and on the Continent who for maw years had watched every horse boat leaving and arriving, had been instrumental in discovering the full nxaenitude of the "City of Water- ford" tragedv.

establishing that of the cargo of 142 'horses 47 died in agony at sea. eleven were put out of their misery on laodinz at Dieppe, and the survivors abattoirs was given in October. 1957. fi three carcases havt Proposed expedients, such as a fresh S.avolS The "oirfcan ensure that the boats will not meet a f1011 (which, because horses are unable to VOTmt means agony if not death for them) or that the horses will not undergo terrible suffering on the Continent, Realistic examination of the problem points to but one solution prohibition by the Irish Government of the export horses for suggestion. It has declared that there no cruelty and that the value of the live horse jr-, to Republic's economy must be paramount in their deliberations.

Many people feel that a boycott of the Republic's goods, and services might show the Government that economic factors do not work one aspect, gJSffg. SSSWter SSSSl friendly countries. On the other hand. it may prove the only way to induce change of heart in Dublin. The decision must be left to individual "For the league's part, no effort will the.

fight. It ha appealed to the Prime Minister of Eire to recons5der decision its branch in the republic is putting the full facts before every member of the DalL their support for a new deal for Irish horses-' statement adds The statement by the Irish Prime Minister that live horses were shipped also from America, Denmark, and Germany is misleading." No.horsei are shipped from, America for slaughter, while the Danish and German exports do not go by sea." arv i "-wLyi usc aini inii i wjt3v UJ.vi W-J i 4 mm. vT. In a letter to the Guardian the Rt. Rev.

A. W. Howells, Bishop of Lagos, the Rev. Canon F. O.

Segun, secretary to the Lagos Diocesan j--rAj. Synod, and Mr J. A. Adefarasm, Chancellor of the Diocese of Lagos, write In the 107 years of its existence, the Anglican Church in Nigeria, now part of the autonomous Church of the Province of West- Africa, has become completely self-governing and self- supporting. The Church looks forward i ji to file responsibility of playing its part the true and full development of the new nation of Nigeria.

For over a hundred years a Christian witness has gone forth from the old C.M.S. site on the Marina at Lagos, on which stand the original C.M.S. Mission House, the Cathedral Church of Christ, mm and welfare services, cannot receive the help they need. The welfare state is a reality only in name. This is the harsh conclusion that emerges from a pamphlet (published to-day by the Fabian Society) written by Audrey Harvey, and called "Casualties of the Welfare State." Mrs Harvey, who belongs to no political party, has worked with a settlement in the East End of London for the last five years.

She expected to find that the days of real hardship were over. Instead, she was outraged and deeply shocked by the plight of those who came for help, and in many cases by the attitude and powerless- ness of those whose job it is to assist. Information centres The people with whom Mrs Harvey is concerned are the poor in education, living space, opportunity, and status the sort of people who are unaware of their rights and obligations, who do not know where to go for the informa tion and may not understand it when they find it and who have neither the MvVi mb J- Aa 4-la t- bright, trained minds nor the stamina needed to find the advice and help they may need. It is one of her pleas that there should be many more officially recognised local centres for co-ordinated information and help which should be open after working hours. The citizens' advice bureaus, she "maintains, are far Dexter aoie to snow a family the escape route from impending disaster than the specialised services, most of which are there for sweeping under the carpet the remains of a family after it has disintegrated than for preventing the disaster." Mrs Harvey has written this pamphlet in the belief that if enough people know the facts and are made to care they will insist that the situation be changed.

The facts she presents illuminate the inadequacy of the National Assistance benefits, the critical shortage of housing, the unfairness of the home-made rules of the local authorities in managing their housing lists, the tragedies of overcrowding, and the senselessness of providing such a high proportion of one and two-roomed dwellings when it is the large families whose needs are the most desperate. A case history She decribes in detail an appalling case- history of one family where a young husband earning 15 a week ended two years later unemployed and living in a shack in a Kent field. The disaster began because of the impossibility of finding living accommodation. It was aggravated by the wife's illness, the refusal of the L.C.C. to offer accommodation on medical grounds, the lack of sympathy and understanding by officials, the disgraceful conditions of the accommodation to which the wife and children had to resort, and the effects of a family being separated.

Mrs Harvey states that this case was never regarded by the authorities as other than typical. Being unable to afford for council houses, and for 2,000,000 of these the need was urgent. Yet the housing subsidy was still withheld from local authorities, not enough use was being made of sites in cities where offices and flat blocks of only three storeys were being erected, and there were needless delays in planning new towns. She also believes that councils should adopt more widely the differential rents scheme, so that those who could afford other accommodation would be discouraged from occupying council property. Housing and welfare must join forces under all local authorities so that it should never happen that a housing authority evicts a family that has to be then looked after by the welfare authority and then ultimately rehoused by the same authority that issued the eviction.

Easing regulations Eviction for non-payment of rent is often the start of a train of disasters, and Mrs Harvey states that what seems to be needed is not skilled case work which can not produce the cash or stay a court order but a relaxing of 1 I ITtt a National Assistance regulations. The National Assistance Boardi she says, should in no circumstances use its discretion downwards. She asks, too, that the N.A.B. officers should be trained in welfare work and that other specialised social workers should have a training wmcn gives mem a knowledge of all aspects of the welfare organisation so that, for instance, a health visitor could advise on simple questions of rent and tenancy. She ends bv stating that in all except the health service the country is falling far behind many other countries in provid ing for the neeas or tne people.

Hire-purchase debt increases 857m. outstanding By our Financial Staff The number of hire-purchase contracts for vehicles was greater last month than in any January. According to hire-purchase information, the figure was 111,250 compared with 106,518 in January last year and 97,116 in December. Contracts covering new cars reached 16,759 last month (11,836 in December and 12,655 in January. 1959) and for second-hand cars.

54,176 (48,546 and 53.635). Sales of scooters and "mopeds" helped to swell the figure for motor-cycles by 1,130 compared with a year before. The Board of Trade has estimated that the total amount of hire-purchase debt outstanding at the end of last year was 857 mfflions. an increase in twelve months of 298 millions. MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL Wednesday.

A.m.: Holy Communion. 11 a.m.: Matins and Litany. 5 30 p.m.: Evenionr: Tones, vi, 111: Responses, Flalnsonc; Anthem. Nesciens Mater. Wrliht.

Satellite role for U.K. rocket? Blue Streak a potential launcher By our Scientific Correspondent VjT1 the Lagos Anglican Girls' School, and dookshops ana press. On this site. too. was erected the first Bishopscourt in Lagos, a steel-framed bridk and timber building.

This old Bishopscourt has now been demolished to make room for a modern building more in keeping with the present needs of the diocese. ine new building is progressing rapidly, and it is hoped that it will be ready for occupation before independence on October 1. 1960. In addition to suitable accommodation for the bishop it will contain adequate guest accommodation. room, and a bishop's mi i a 1 j.

it. A chaplain. The total cost of the project, including the cost of furniture and the consultants' fees, will be in the neighbourhood of 72400. The diocese of Lagos is prepared and committed to raise the greater part of this sum. The diocese has never had a headquarters of its own, and its expanding work has facilities of the Scout rocket were limited in some respects presumably in th aat the total payload is limited to some 1501b.

This means that there is no room for the com- EEaSFESSJESK Sme pari ticular attitude for example, to point tamvttomOiomm Both these trains of thought are relevant to the future of all-British satellite launchings, though not directly to toe issue of whether Blue Streak will be used for space research. rul we iiuuuu gramme continues it becomes more and more apparent that at some point some British missiles will be used for launching satellites. The question no longer seems to be whether this should be done, but how it should be justified, On the first of the three British satellites to be launched it was stated yesterday that this instrument equipped with experiments for measuring certain characteristics of the electrically charged layers in the high atmosphere and the intensity of cosmic rays outside tne atmospnere would travel in an orbit lying between two hundred and six hundred miles above the earth, and as far from the equator as the latitude of Edinburgh (and the same latitude in the southern hemisphere). Some of the instruments are unlike those so far flown in American satellites, though they have been tested in- rocket firings fromi "Woomera. Others are reckoned to be capable of measurements more easily interpreted than those gathered by comparable American instruments.

IMPORT DUTY TO BE RELAXED Scientific apparatus By our Political Correspondent Import duty on some optical, scientific and technical instruments and apparatus is to be relaxed in respect of goods ordered by a user on or after to-day. From to-day the Board of Trade will consider applications for the remission of duty on such goods if the amount of duty is 20 or more, instead of 50 or more as in the past year. Duty may be remitted if similar articles cannot for the time being be procured in the United Kingdom. The relaxation applies to optical, scientific, measuring and checking instruments and apparatus apparatus based on the use of X-rays or of the radiations from radio-active substances thermionic, cold-cathode and photo-cathode valves and tubes and discharge lamps. FORMER HOUSEKEEPER AT No.

10 Miss Sarah Jones, housekeeper to the late Lord Lloyd George for more than fifty years died yesterday in hospital at Caernarvon. She was, 87. Miss Jones joined the family when Lloyd George was at the Board of Trade and went to 10 Downing Street when he was Prime Minister. 1. 1 AS SHE GOEs now outgrown the borrowed and scattered accommodation in which its administration has hitherto been housed, The land on which the new building is beine erected is historic lanrf.

Part of the freehold grant of land made by tne KJne anH (jmefs of lazos tn trie eanly (missionaries, it is a spiritual trust The new tsishopscourt. Punt in modern style, vet. with its two chapels in the forefront, an unmistakably Christian building, will be a symbol of the fact that the Christian faith is relevant for Nigeria to-day, and in independence. We feel sure that the many friends in the United Kingdom of the Church ana rvr aiarac rvr iacm- win wisn to be associated with us in this great venture. It is with tnis confidence that we bring to the notice of your readers this project, donations for which mav be sent to The Diocese of Lagos New Bishopscourt Fund, co The Manager, Barclays Bank, D.C.O., Balogun Square.

Private Mail Bag 2356. Lagos. Nigeria. SENTENCE CUT BY TWO YEARS Dawson's appeal George Dawson, the London dealer who was sentenced at -the Qld Bailey last March to six years' imprisonment on ten charges over transactions in orange' juice concentrate, buses, railway bogies, and laridina vehicles, had the sentence reduced to four years by the Court 1 Criminal Appeal- lxjnaon yesterday. Seven of the convictions were quashed.

Dawson (50) had appealed trainst rvwivurtion and sentence. The Court quashed the 'conviction of Albert Wenlock (42), export agent, of Duke's Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, who had been- sentenced to two years imprisonment on three charges, -including one of conspiracy to defraud. He had neen on oau pending the appeal. An application for costs on behall 01 Juawson was rejected. Announcing that the convictions of both men on a charge of conspiracy wmM tx ouashpd.

Mr Justice Pinnemore, who sat with Mr Justice Davies and Mr Justince Hinchcliffe, said that if substantive inharset were made which could be proved it was undesirable to. complicate ana l-engm maners -uy auauig a cuu-spiracy charge. "I want to say in the stronepst rmssible wav that we think it wholly undesirable, and in this case quite unnecessary, to have a long, count of this kind." Serious frauds While the Court was Quashing a num ber of convictions against Dawson, there were several counts on wmcn ne naa been properly convicted and which were serious cases of fraud. Dealine with Wenlock's appeal Mr Justice Finnemore said that all the con temporary documents in the case went to irove tnat weniocK actea in gooa raiin. 'here was no proof that they were not genuine.

Wenlock. he thoueht. was a typical example of a man who had been sunk by a mass of evidence about different kinds of frauds, the great majority of which he was not connected with, either directly or lnmrectiy. The Court was in no wav criticisine the jury or the judge who, subject to some matters which were quite inevitable in such a case, had summed up quite clearly ana properly. Memorial service for Lord Halifax The Queen and other members of the Royal Family were represented at a memorial and requiem service for Lord Halifax at Westminster Abbey yesterday.

Nearly every member of the Cabinet, representatives of the House of Lords and of leading Church organisations, ambassadors, high commissioners and charees d'affaires of more than fifty countries attended. These words were printed at the opening of the order of service: Lom Halifax himself nrenared the service and chose the hymn. He wished it to follow not the order for burial but the more ancient and solemn form of requiem for the faithful departed. He desired no sermon, but the prayer of the Christian family in the presence of its livine Lord for one who all his days sought humbly and with unswerving faith to serve and love him." 99 the waterworks company, said that the drought of 1959 had been mainly responsible for the demand for more water. Given good weather this year, the company would restore the Stour to its present flow within twelve months.

Pennine Way delays The annual report of the Northern area of the Ramblers' Association published to-day states that since the passing of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act, 1949, many things had been accomplished but it had by no means been fully implemented. "National park authorities are hamstrung by ndegairdly financial arrangements and there axe frustrating delays in operating of the act (the report states). The first long-distanee route, the Pennine Way. is not yet in being and some of the unsettled miles ajre in our area. "The footpaths in the county have now been surveyed and the county map of rizhts of wanr has reached the provisional siaee.

One of the reasons wtty the definitive map cannot be issued is' the belief held by the War Department that there are no rights of way over the huge area they control. This understandable when taken bv a private landowner thinkinat of selling tics land at some time, is incomprehensible when it is considered that fh War Department are in a sense tenants, and that the moors and fells will be there when the War Department has passed into leaendL" were led away various aegrees sufferine. next boat. "The City of Dublin," had a' better voyage but. the scenes witnessed by the league's representative at the transit station of Batignolles and in the abattoir at Vanigirard were such thats the league' decided not to publicise details in va's country.

"The fate of the horses sent, from' League that it is to hope, for any genuine improvement 111 mnuiuuiia in France, where anti-cruelty laws exist but are ignored by the police, as well as by the animal handlers. -The evidence JntfiSrt1 worse3 in than taBelgdunV or Holland from which -two importing countries fee traffic has largely shifted: The following table compiled by the LeaWeovra the direction of the Totn Ine IsiEST1 13:02 4 35o .......68 10.2M 1.915 7,400 BS3 so 1958.. 7.052 l.Ja The figures for dead include only those dying on board or on disembarka- tion. No account is taken of horses dying later or of the much more numerous cases, of injury or 'sickness. the Irish side collections have been made to finance an abattoir, but Iabattoirf tomccSS i 'StoiS a'fffi om rnvT is free, to continue; Indeed they have said as much.

Government approval for horse Bridge SIXES AND SEVENS By Ttixi Markus Readers often send me "hands from rubber bridge and ask roe to proncAince upon the arguments they have caused. I try to reply as undogmatically and sincerely as 1 can. sometimes 1 am compelled to commend a lead as the correct one on probabilities even though I have" in front of rhe all four hands, show, that it gives a contract wmcn mignt otnerwise De Droicen. -One reader, however, recently sent me only his own hand: 4 -TC, 10, x. -x.

Q. J. 10, x. x. He was sitting West and the biddinc had taken the following spectacular course South west east 6H NB NB Double Redouble NB NB 6S NB NB 7H Double NB NB NB He asked two Questions: (a) Should I bid 7S (b) If not, what do I lead On the first auestion I had no difficulty.

In rubber bridge I would certainly oass. Partner doubled 6H' so he must have thought he had two tricks in defence. After the redouble, gave warning of a special distribution ne xeit less certain and bid 6S. When, after the warning redouble and the raise by North to 7H, he doubles, I am obliged to pass. The secoua qutsuou uicu augers iiseii.

ivxy partner had decided -to try to break 7H without any knowledge of my hand. He can nave done so oniy on tne assumption that I will lead his suit. This must, therefore, be my lead. In tournament bridge I would, prefer to bid because the swing on the one hand might be so great as to be irretrievable. I was relieved when my courteous correspondent, having had my answers, was good enough to send on to me the full deal North J.

x. 4 X. JrJt 3C 3C West East 4 10, x. x. x.

V-x. J.10, x.x.x.x. 4 x. x. x.

South x. 10, x. x. None. 10.

He, in fact, led a club, which might have had some justification in a 6 contract His greed in seeking the ruff, which is irrelevant to the breaking of a grand slam contract, leaves the lead without any merit at all. South reaped an utterly undeserved success. mHis 6H bid was a good one. It is difficult, however, to and words sufficiently severe in criticism of his redouble. He should have been happy to be allowed to play the contract doubled, as his own freak hand indicated that In all probability his opponents had a cheap save.

In passing 6S he was also seriously at fault. His partner knew from his first bid that he had a loser. A pass must therefore mean "Bid 7H if you have, reason to think that you cover my loser otherwise double 6S." Such an invitation -to bid 7H should not be offered if your loser is in spades, which will almost inevitably be led. South should have doubled 6S, which tells partner that on a spade lead he is sure to lose one trick. Partner will then bid 7H only if he controls spades either by an ace or a void.

Although I could not support my correspondent's lead I was able to offer him a defence against his partner's offering the opinion mat East second double was even worse than his first. UNIVERSITY NEWS OXFORD. February 2. Sir Lindor Brown. Jodrell professor of physiology at University College.

London, has been appointed Waynflete professor of physiology at Oxford with effect from will SUECKcQ Professor E. G. Liddell. who has held we appointment since mo and is retiring under the age limit Cambridge. February 2.

At St John's College the following elections have been made: Senior bursar and a fellowship with mm -i Thomas Fellow of Trinity Hall and lecturer in law. Fellowship with effect from October 1: Kenneth John Pasco e. university lecturer in engineering. (( nvif ri4TnT Aimn SAYS MR EM ASS "Irish horse exports Mr Sean Lemass. Prime Minister of the Irish Republic, was questioned aDout norse exports ween he returned rhiVu frmiT Jl to Dublin from London yesterday.

He "I satisfied, as far as the British concerned, this campaign over. Some of those organisations no doubt for their own moUyewiU possibly try to continue it. effect that may I not know." Asked about the suggestion that his statement on horse exports might have been more effective if it had heea -ll 11 uibub ccuuci, ue- irepueu j.uat is a matter oi opinion. ne saw tnere be a public -statement -ori the findings of the inquiry into the deaths of horses on the City of Waterford on December 19. He expected the inquiry mni.fij Mr Lema'ss saId trade talis British ministers will take place in London' on February 12.

Appeal Court; says penalty on Irishman was 'monstrous' In the Court of. Criminal Appeal yesterday, Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice, jcscxajed'Tas, "monstrous' concurrent years imprisonment passed 'th Recorder qf Nottingham, Mr Christopher Shaw-cross, Q.C., on Pauric Joseph OTToble (23), of DTyden Stt, Nottingham. an Irishman; was at Nottingham city sessions oh October 12 on three charges of stealing explosives worth 7s. The Court yesterday substituted a conditional discharge for the sentences. Lord Parker said It is very difficult to understand was in the Recorder's mind in passing these sentences.

The appellant is all the more aggrieved because he feels very strongly that that five years was inflicted upon ham because he was an Irishman. On the same day another prisoner was dealt with for having explosives; in hi DOssession and. In sentencing him. the Recorder asked' You are not a member of the I iThe man 'No, sssr." The Recorder added1: Or an Irishman or a Catholic?" "No, replied the man. and the Recorder continued very well.

I will alive you the benefit of the doubt. I accept your explanation." The 'man was then bound over for two vears. Good character Lord Barker said that OToole been acquitted on a charge of knowingly havinz explosives in his oossesSron. This was the realty serious cha-rce. The jury apparentl'v accepted story, or t.Vwvim'ht it mioht-he true, that small auantrtn'es he took had deteriorated and become useless and he had taken til cm home to show his family the of thing he worked with.

1 Lord Parker, added that OToole. who came to England at the age of was employed at the material time a miner was of previously good character. CLIMBER'S DEAqna ON SNOWDO 'Ill-advised expedition' By our Caernarvon Correspondet Mr E. Lloyd Jones, coroner- for North Caernarvonshire, said at'Llan-beris yesterday that a walk 'which four young climbers made' to the- top of Snowdon on Saturday "an ill-advised expedition." He recorded a verdict of accidental death' "on Arthur Patten (18). a metal-worker.

of Mill Street. Walsall. Trevor Charles Taylor (19). of Hather- ton Street, Walsall, said the fou of them were returning from the tojr of Snowdon along the Miners Track. found the causeway flooded at Lake Llydaw and decided to make a detour.

It was getting dark and and 'they had no torches. He slipped. feH about and shouted to the others to make a detour to avoid a crag he had fallen over. Soon afterwards he heard a thud and Patten who was tired and had had' to be helped along landed beside I went to him and eased him said Taylor. I saw he was hurt 'and semiconscious." The others realised 'that Patten could not be moved so 'theyvput him in a sheltered position and one of them tried to go down tor a rescue party, but fell in the dark and came back.

They decided to remain on the mountain until daylight, and huddled together- to keep Patten warm, but he i- The coroner said this was expedition from the start. Patten fell because of his exhausted state what made matters worse was mat these young climbers had not taken much precaution. "They had every reason to anticipate that they would have to" be very lucky to get to the top of -the mountain and back before complete darkness set in They did not take any torches or other equipment which might have been necessary." SWASTIKAS ON ABBEY Several swastikas -were found painted white yesterday on the west wall of St Albans Abbey. The British Blue Streak rocket rwilri used to launoh satellites coma re usea to launcn satemxes carrying astronomical telescopes sufficiently well stabilised in their attitude in space to gather useful results. This was stated yesterday by Dr TirZiXXZt Fwh.

Such satemte-launcbing, he was one of the potential use! for the rocket now being considered in design studies emphatically "paper work" being carried on under the aegis of the Ministry of Aviation. The comment was part of a discus- sion at which Professor H. S. W. Massey and other notable spacemen described yesterday the detailed plans for launching a satellite by means of an American Scout rocket towards the end of next year.

Professor Massey himself declined to reveal either his own views or those of the British National Committee for Space Research (a scientific committee of the Roval Society) on the desirabihtv of developing a British rocket for satellite launching. He did. however, say that the cn-378 FEARS FOR FLATFORD MILL 66 May become offensive place For all her quicksilver elegance as she slips in and out of the traffic, the Renault Dauphine is as tough as they come. Outright winner of the Monte Carlo Rally in 1958 and Alpine Rally in 1959, she is gifted -with steel strength and a happy heart. "With her new Aerostabe suspension, she flows smoothly over every bump and pot-hole.

She's' built to take it and like it. She's sturdy as she goes. PRICE: 716.10.10 (INC. P.T.) RENAULT WESTERN W.3. Showrooms: 54 Brampton Road, S.W.3.

KNI 1041 Flatford Mill, Suffolk made famous by Constable's painting was said by a National Trust spokesman at a Colchester public inquiry yesterday to be in danger of becoming an offensive place." The spokesman, Mr R. Beldam, was one of forty objectors to a proposal by South Essex Waterworks Company to reduce a quantity of water flowing in the river Stour, near Stratford Mill, from four million gallons a day to two millions in the summer, and" from three to one million gallons a day in the winter. Mr Beldam said that the area was very much as it had been in Constable's day. It would be tragic if the amenities were spoiled. Objectors included the Essex River Board, the Essex Farmers' Union, the Essex County Council, the East Suffolk County Council, the Suffolk Preservation Society, the Dedham Vale Preservation Society, and the Inland Waterways Association.

They claim that the company's increased demand for water will change for ever the gentle, full river known by Constable to a dirty, smelly trickle, which would be of no use for bathing or boating. One of the chief fears was that tidal water, which already reaches Flatford Mill, would come further in, -and that the salt water woud cause grazing land to deteriorate and kill trees. Mr H. P. Ramsey, chief engineer to WITH THE AEROSTABLE SUSPENSION.