The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 3

THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN; JANUARY 31; 1945 3 INTERNATIONAL LAW WEST OF THE RIVER ROER HOUSING Rebuilding Britain: A Twenty-Year Plan. By Sir Ernest Simon. GoUanCz. Pp.256. By Lewis Silkin, M.P., L.C.C.

Sir Ernest Simon's book falls into two parts, housing and planning. The more valuable part, and the one on which he is obviously most qualified to write, is that on housing. This contains a mine of information which will be useful to students of the problem and its solution. He calculates that in our long-term programme we shall need 7,000,000 houses and shall require twenty years to build them. He is more conservative, and rightly so, than the Conservative party, which has just published, obviously for election purposes, a programme for building 750,000 houses in The Outlook for International Law.

By J. L. Brierly. Oxford University Press. Pp.

142. 6s. This little book has all the merits we know that we shall find in a book by Professor Brierly. It is written with clarity and persuasiveness, it has the wisdom without the parade cf great learning, and it has abgut it a pungent effectiveness which does not seek to evade any of the issues. On the whole, it cannot be said that Professor Brierly is very optimistic.

He thinks that international law is a tender and sensitive plant, the cultivation of which will be a long and difficult process. He asks us not to expect too much too quickly. II the book has a weakness it lies in its failure to discuss the economic aspects of the sovereignty States insist upon retaining. But it is always suggestive in its ideas and there is a real stimulus in its cogency. H.

J. L. LIFE AND LETTERS Max Plowman was one of those rare men who are compelled to live bv what is deepest in them and others, and the harvest of his experience was proportionately rich Of this his letters, now published in an undulv long volume of nearly 800 pages. Bridge Into the Future, edited by D. L.

P. Dakers (pp. 786, offer ample proof. He seldom wrote to divert or entertain, but a sense of human beings, to quote from preface, "was the shaping element of the first two years after the end of the war in Europe, a number which it is demonstrably impossible to attain. He accepts the policy announced by the Government for providing some 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 houses in ten to twelve years.

The main proposal for achieving this is to increase the building force from 350,000, the estimated imme diate post-war number, to 1,250,000 in four years. But while this increase is essential, two' other conditions are equally- vital if the programme is to be carried out. First that the bujlding labour must be fully used and secondly that it must be efficiently Naval Shoe Regulation Pattern used. There is so far no evidence that these From Lotus and-Delta Agerits A lOo howitzer firing during the combined, British and American battle for the German town of Brachelen. factors are appreciated, and Sir Ernest Simon hardly pays sufficient attention to them.

He points out that in the five years 1927-32, while there was an increase each year in the number of his hie. rience the "warmth of reality" in which his thought had its foundation. Yet he admitted that in writing he tended always to become argumentative. And in bulk this can become tiring. Certainly, instinct with human insight and affection as these letters are.

the reader of them will not be spared the "mental fight" or the severe contentions of friendship from which he, like his master, Blake, never drew back. But, as with all truly representative men (and he spoke not only for the inarticulate good-desiring ordinary man whom he acknowledged as his compass but prophetically for the enlightened man of a coming age), his life was an allegory. Its stages, well defined by the arrangement of the letters in four sections, mark at once peaks of experience and costly initia ARMY VEHICLES TO DISTRIBUTE COAL insured persons in the building industry, there was tnrougnout a decrease the number of persons employed unemployment reached 29 per cent. Even in 1938, when building in connection with the rearmament was in Minister's New Move ine abnormal conditions full swing, there was 15 per cent unem created by the solution could severe weather. The real only be a restoration ofl normal distn ployment.

But the iaiiure to use laDour efficiently has been even more serious. It has been said that the building industry has learned nothing in the past bution at consumers' premises as soon tions into tne integral truth of lire. To read them is to become intimate with a man who had a faith which made suffering fruitful, a mind that could expound his faith for the heartening of others, and the courage to stake all on the power as well as the holiness of the heart's affections. H. 1'A.

F. as possible. I Replying to Mr. W. J.

Edwards (Lab. Whitechapel). the Minister said that the' purpose "of giving ah allocation of four hundredweights in London was to ensure that more houses were visited than would have been the case with larger quantities. Mr. E.

Walkdcn (Lab. Doncaster) asked whether it was not now opportune to tackle the question of the distribution of coal where four or five merchants were delivering coal in the same street and seven or eight men were delivering coal to 25 or 30 households. Major Lloyd George replied: "I appreciate what he says. I do not suppose this is a perfect svstem. but it certainly is not responsible for the present difficulties in London." Dr.

Summerskill (Lab. Fulham, asked why the cosition had not been anticipated and whv transnort had not been Dooled as in other indus Major Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, was again questioned in the House of Commons yesterday regarding the distribution coal to domestic users. He told Mr. Astor (C. Fulham)" that as a result of measures already taken and in spite of the severe weather the domestic coal distributed in the ended January 20 was 12,000 greater than in the same week last year.

Last week distribution was, still further interfered with by icebound roads, which greatly impeded horse-drawn vehicles, and the full benefit of the soldiers who had been put -to work was not obtained. Even so deliveries of coal in London were as high as in the same week in 1944. He had. he said, arranged for 125 Army each with a driver and a driver's mate, to begin work yesterday, and a further 200 soldiers would be available to-day, making 850 in all. It was anticipated that the reduction in the amount of coal to be delivered in London without licence to four hundredweights, together with the additional man-power and vehicles, would enable proper distribution to be restored.

A cash-and-carry system had been instituted in 72 boroughs at 175 sites. These measures, he continued, were temporary expedients to assist in meet- tries like milk. Major Llovd George easier to move than a ton of jtakf no respon- retorted It is slightly a small bottle of milk coal. In the first I sibilitv for the weather, have foreseen a srelt of has ha-dlv known do not know." riow 1 coula n-eather which for 50 years I MISCELLANY War on Germany Even for Germany it seems a remarkable, thing that Himmler's. newspaper the Schwarze Korps should have published an article proclaiming that no citizen of the Third Reich can possibly hope to contract out of his share ot war guilt There are no innocents in the Third Reich," it declares.

"Those who profited by the success of National Socialism now affect to be disinterested.in the Nazi party. But they participated' in the measures agahist the Jews and the economic development of the Reich under the Nazi regime. Every member-of the German people must suffer the same fate" Two things are implicit in that, declaration; first, that there must be many rats who would now leave the sinking ship, and, secondly, that' they will not be allowed' to do so. From the'very beginning this was a war for the Nazi party and in the utter defeat of that party all Germany must now share. The supreme recklessness and brutality of the National Socialist leaders has never been more frankly displayed.

The "purge1' of 'June 30, 1934, wiped out the internal enemies ot the party; if it. could possibly be done, the ruined party is now prepared to wipe out all Germans as a contribution to its own obsequies. And these are. the people who protest that the pluto-democracies wish to exterminate Germany Mild Warning In many English ports are still to be seen advertising signs that for the past five years have made strange reading, offering as they do passages to Hamburg and other" German or German-occupied ports where British visitors would not be exactly welcome. Evidently they are similarly behind the times in India, for a correspondent reports seeing in Calcutta an announcement that finishes up with what seems, in the circumstances, a most mild warning.

For this is what the notice says Deck tickets can be had for Rangoon, Singapore, Penang, Hong-Kong, Shanghai, and Japan. Beware of pickpockets." Wild Life on the Winler Roads The report that an American soldier has been seen in a Bolton thoroughfare with his boots and socks off and rubbing his toes with snow to prevent frost-bite may be a tribute to the severity of the Lancashire January, but on the other hand it may have been just force of habit on the part of someone who is used to personal first aid in the fiercer, man-eating winters of Alaska and the Yukon. He may have felt his feet cold, have feared the worst, and decided at once to apply the' traditional treatment of the country with which he is better acquainted. Bolton is famous for trotters, but so far as one knows those trotters are seldom frost-bitten. Another possibility arises; there may have been a complete misunderstanding R.N.

AND M.N, APPEAL The Naval Heritage, by David Mathew (Collins, pp. xxii. 264, 12s. traces in its own interesting way the varied elements that have made up what the Navy and the naval officer and seaman mean to us to-day. Unlike the Air Force, which leapt into its national place in one generation, the impression of naval tradition on civilian life, the author shows, was at first of slow growth outside dockyard towns, where volunteers or pressed men joined for a commission, most English people for generations knew little about naval life.

Mathew, a former officer, retells vividlv outstanding actions of great leaders who passed on traditions to later times. Sometimes he deals with passing phases of the life, such as political influences on eighteenth-cen-turv commands, and often chooses apt passages from little-known memoirs to reveal those ways of life at different periods which have built up a distinctive character outlasting, changes of armament and of shin design. H. W. M.

BOOKS RECEIVED We have rerei red tiie following books, Prom Clmrchw Committee tor Supplementing Religious Kducmtlon Amone Men In M. Forces: WHERE DO 1 BEGIN A Simple Introduction to Prayer Bv the Rev John G. 6d. From Cobbett Publishing THE OPINIONS OF tVILUAM COBBETT. Edited by D.

H. and Margaret Cole. 105. Gd. net.

From Hammond. Hammond and THE JOURNAL OP MADAME GIOVANNI. By Alexandre Dumm Translated from the PreneJi Edition H856) bv Ma-cuente E. Wilbur, 12s. fid.

net From and Carter: FOSSETT'S MEMORY. Bt Christopher Hollit. 9a. net. Prom Hutchinson and Bt rf R.H Princess Musbah Hildsr lilmtrated.

RADIANT AND RECKLES3 Bv Lrwls Cox 9 net THE SOUL OP THE SEA. Storirs of tie Red Navy. Bv Leonid Sobolev 8s. fid net ROSALIE. Bv Doroth Conyers.

9. fid net THE RIVER OP DIAMONDS By Thurlow Crttr 9s fid. net Tiom Museum Press. Ltd SHANGHAI HARVEST A DEiry o. Three Tears in hundred years that their methods of organisation and their plant and equipment have not improved in the least.

In this country there is practically no mechanisation on the site in America everything possible is mechanised: and further, while supervision here is carried out largely by foremen operatives, in America it is regarded as one requiring training and experience of the highest order. Is it any wonder that in America wages are three times as high as here, while building costs are about the same The efficiency of the industry vitally concerns the community. Housing will have first priority after the war. Surely the State is entitled to take whatever steps may be necessary to obtain an adequate output of houses, and even go to the length of nationalising the building industry, if efficiency in building cannot be secured in any other way. How can building costs be brought down Obviously an up-to-date, efficiently organised Industry is the most important single factor.

Sir Ernest deals at greater length with some of the other factors going to make up the cost of the house. He particularly stresses the value of the standardisation and mass production of internal fittings and plumbing units, which he considers can secure a reduction of 100 in a 700 house. Although, however, he refers to the rings controlling building material, which accounts for 54 per cent of the cost of a house; he makes no -specific proposals for dealing with them beyond endorsing the demand for an official inquiry. The high cost of land in urban areas not only makes housing and therefore rents expensive but results in bad siting both by local authorities and by private enterprise. Sir Ernest comes to the conclusion that the only satisfactory solution of the land problem is national ownership of all land in and around cities" both on housing and on planning grounds.

But he says that at present this is politically impracticable a timid conclusion. The general public, I think, is more enlightened than Sir Ernest Simon appears to think it will be ready to accept the policy of nationalisation of land if the need is clearly explained to it." I commend this book. There is much that has been deliberately omitted which a book on housing ought to deal with, such as rural housing and the management of the building industry. Nevertheless, Sir Ernest Simon has collected many facts and figures which are not easily obtainable and are POST-WAR CARS Austin's "10,000 in 12 Weeks, if: The Austin Motor Company yesterday filled in the details of their post-war manufacturing programme, which has already been outlined. At the Long-bridge Works, Birmingham, a few leading distributors and dealers were shown the range of vehicles and engines.

When they are to be made and the extent of the. output depends on factors such as the disappearance of controls, availability of materials, and the end of the war. Mr. L. P.

Lord, vice-chairman, said If we have two or three weeks notice of the end of the war and could presume a hypothetical zero hour and can get hold of the materials we want we could produce 10,000 vehicles by the end of Centralised Mansion House Fund The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Frank Alexander, in the course of an appeal on behalf of the officers and men of the Royal and Merchant Navies says From the first moment of war there has been no respite for these men. They have kept open the seas and our lanes o'f commerce. In spite of surface and submarine attack, in spite of aeroplanes, in spite of gales and fog, they have carried our men and munitions to distant battle fronts. Thy have accepted-every. challenge, have sought out the enemy and thrashed him, and in big and little shios our sailors made possible the epic of Dunkirk and the glories of D-Day.

Let us make this Mansion House appeal a rea. (national thank-offering. Shipowners and the officers and men ot the Merchant Navy have long been in favour of a centralised fund, and in addition the First Lord of the Admiralty and the Minister of War Transport have also urged it. It is not intended that subscriptions which normally go to the established nautical benevolent societies should be diverted from them, but on the contrary the seamen will benefit because those societies will be in a position to receive larger grants from King George's Fund for Sailors. Already civic support is promised from many cities, towns, and districts, and I feel sure that the public will respond even more generously than usual to a worthv cause by donations to the Lord Mavor's Appeal for the Royal and Merchant Navies, the Mansion House.

London. E.C.4, or to any local appeal being carried out in connection with it. inc vxuim war aj itnoaw firmer, illustrated 15a. net. From Oxfori Unlersliy Pre: DICTIOVARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

Ed'Eed By Harris E. Starr Vol xx. Supp.ement One. os. DU.

HCtr From Press: GERMANY'S NATIONAL VICE. By Samiial Im. From OnHers.ty Co'lece. Ncittinhim: BYRON ANO LIBERTY Byron Foundation Lecture. twejve weeKs.

Mr. Lord said they could not subscribe to the view that a golden future of unlimited markets, rising wages, fuii employment, and shorter hours was opening up in front of them. "If the present motor taxation is to be borne we cannot see anything after the first two or three years ot false markets and boom periods but a contraction in the industry and consequent unemployment. The sooner the Government sees that the better." Many of the advancements -and refinements in design are the direct result of war-time technical development. A feature common to all models is improved engine lubrication, while engine mountings have been redesigned to permit Smooth top-gear running down to ten miles an hour.

The models shown yesterdav were eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen horse-power. The 16 is a new-comer to the Austin ranee, and is EXTRA VITAMINS ESSENTIAL TO HEALTH colds and influenza cannot be resisted when your diet is deficient in vitamin the daily dose of Crook.es' ensures you the necessary amount. Adults cannot keep healthy and children cannot grow up with straight bones and strong teeth without sufficient the daily dose of Crookes' keeps your supply well above the safety level. This extra supply of vitamins A and will work wonders in building up your resistance and stamina through this sixth wartime winter. IPOYAT PES eouipped with a oowerful overhead valve 4-cylinder engine.

The company's commercial venicie programme comprises long wheel-base drop-side lorries. a snort wneei-oase end-upper, and ten and eight horse-power vans. CROOKES' HALIBUT OIL OBTAINABLE ONLY FSOM CHEMISTS -per carton of 100816 Liquid per phiaU-enougk for 16 days 2j- are PR U.S. BAND -ON; TOUR The United States Army Air Force Band, which is touring this country whilst an RAF. band makes a similar tour in America, will play at the King's Hall, Belle Vue.

on Sunday. AH proceeds of the concert will go" to the 'Benevolent Fund. After the concert the players will be entertained by the Lord Mayor of Manchester. Over 600 auditions vyere given before the eighty artists now in the-band were selected. They are drawn from thirty-two major- symphony orchestras and thirty-eight leading dance bands.

While some members of the band have been accustomed to playing under such conductors as Toscamni, Sir Thomas HUMBER-HHXMAN STRIKERS GOING BACK A meeting representing the 5.000 employees at the Humber-Hillman fac CROSSWORD No. 27 tories at Coventry who' have been out ACROSS on strike since January 22 yesterday I' i i 6 I about what the American soldier was really doing. So far from being terror-stricken by the Bolton winter, the visitor may have been showing a he-man's contempt for It'by sitting down to play This little pig went to market." First Aid in Athens After all that has been written and said about the troubles in Greece, cinema-goers this week have been able to see one 'side of affairs which at least need cause no heads or hearts to- ache In the news resl at some cinemas there were pictures of hefty British soldiers removing rioters from an Athens crowd and collecting them in a sort of park for misdemeanants, where they proceeded to get out a spray and de-louse them thoroughly, spraying a white powder energetically up their sleeves and down their collars- The e-loused ones were grinning broadly and did not appear to mind the treatment-Stopping an Express. Train A.W.," with a story which far exceeds any Leicester experiments in railway courtesy In the winter of 1896-7, when I was working in Montreal, I had occasion to spend a week-end in Belleville. Ontario, which is roughly half-way between Montreal and Toronto.

I travelled by the Canadian Pacific Railway, and as this line does not. or. did not, pass through Belleville I had to get off at a small station and walk some distance to a station on another line which took me to Belleville. On the way back my local train was late, and the i unanimously decided to resume 'work this morning. A -conference- is being When potatoes are scarce they are more precious than ever.

Here are some sug I i I arranged Detween tne nnn, trade uruon officials, and the Engineering Emnlovers' Association on matters leading up to the Beechajn. and Bruno Walter, others are "scat" singers and "hot" trumpeters. One member was equally at home playing first 'trumpet in. the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and with Jimmy Dorsey's Orchestra. The band's programme will- be as as its -personnel, raneine from Mendelssohn's stoppage.

i iHr gestions for avoiding waste in preparation "and for some filling dishes to serve with, or instead of potatoes. IH! Capriccioso Brillante" piano, con certo to At tne uremiin Bali. 1. How debate may end X14). 9.

Pans that will recall a battle (7): 10. More xemarkaBle for salt than old salts C4. 3). 11. Essential quality in a comedian (10).

12. I will you as gently as any sucking- dove" Night's Dream (4). 14. St. Lascar (anag.) (3, 15.

Sorrow (6). 17. In anger I am a dreadful sight (6). 19. Fish mice out of trouble (8).

22. A jot or tittle 4. 23. Marred node (anag.) 25. 'yesterday the bird of night diasit and shrieking" (7).

26 Though involved' with thieves a graduate gets bail (3, 4). 27. Even among infantry to do so 'entails mounting (6, 3. S). 171 ii i i i rf ik! ZfTr-vi ii '1 ISS 151 5f 5ir mm POTATO SAVING TIPS I Remember, as much as 25 is wasted by peeling potatoes.

If peeling is necessary, peel very thinly. 2" A potato fast boiled is a potato spoiled" To stop potatoes breaking up and going to waste, boil steadily but don't gallop. To prevent potatoes going black, add a little vinegar to the water. is: rai ii NEW C.W5. PRESIDENT At a meeting of the -directors of the Cooperative Wholesale Society in Manchester yesterday Mr.

Arthur Pickup was elected iwesident of the society. Mr. Pickup entered the co-operative service more than years At the age of thirteen be was employed as an office bov at- Burnley. Later he became-secretary of the Burnley Society, and' then occunied a similar nosition at DIMMING TIMES IN FEBRUARY Following are the periods during which lighting restrictions must be observed and vehicles must carry the prescribed lights. "Feb.

1 6 20 p.m. to 8 25 aj t. 2 6 22 pjn. 8 23 ajn. 3 6 24 p.m.

8 21 ajn. 6 26 pjn. 8 19 a.m. 5 6 28 PJn- 8 18 ajn. 6 6 30 p.m..

816 a.m. 7 632 pjn. 8 14 ajn. .6 34 p-m. 8 12 ajn.

36 pjn. .8 10 ajn. lp 37 pjn. 8 8 ajn. 11- 6 39 pjn.

8 7 ajn. 12. 6 41 8 5 a.m. 6 43 pjn. 8 3 ajn.

1 6 45 pjn. 8 1 ajn. 1 ieti ii IS! M- i I I i i SOLUTION1 TO CROSSWORD Ha SS i-F-ti express had already left its station for Montreal when I. reached the track about 200 yards ahead of the train. I ran between the rails towards the moving express, waving frantically, and to my PLAIN DUMPLINGS WITHOUT FAT Ingredients 4 oz.

flour, 2 level teaspoons baking powder, dried egg, DRY, i level teaspoon salt, water to mix. Quantity Far 4 people. Method Mix together the flour, -baking powder, dried egg and salt. Add enough water to mix to a soft dough. Cut the mixture into 13 portions.

Shape roughly into dumplings with the hands. Drop into boiling soup, or water, and cook for 10 minutes. Drain and serve in place of potatoes. POPQVERS Ingredients 4 oz. flour, salt, I dried egg, DXi, i pint of milk and water, 2 tablespoons water, I knob dripping or tat.

Quantity For 4 people. Method Met egg, flour and salt with sufficient milk to make a stiff mixture. Beat-well, add the rest of the milk and Heat the fit until smoking hot in small cake tins or large patty pans, then pour the batter into the tins. Cook in a brisk for about so minutes. On'ltvcf tablespoon dried egg.

Birkenhead until elected a director of the OSWH 1. Standard for British Isles (8. 6). ENOENI OHE I JiiiOlOl surprise and joy the driver of the express cw.s.. in 1924.

He has since new various important positions, in -the co-ODerative movement. He was nresi- POBT I NGPEERES siowea sufficiently to-enable me to get on. A kind and courteous act dent of the Co-operative Congress RE TU'RNlBE RATE 1934. -and a member of the Parliamentary Committee of the- Co-operative Union. Mr.

Pickun succeeds Sir William To 'help out with the potatoes Serve these dishes with meat, fish, as fillers and to supply energy. But remember, because they lack Vitamin the vitamin potatoes contain always serve with them another vitamin-rich vegetable cabbage, savoy, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, parsley, watercress, swedes or bottled whichever available. A ET) I a 1 ft KiSS Bradshaw. who has oh reaching 2. Made hold fire.

(7). 3. It's "not power that makes' fame (10). 4. For big-footed1 customer 7" (4, 4).

5. May- be teased for being" serene 6. Farewell to ineat -4) 7. lie about; where moss conies, up (7). 8.

How accounts 1. may, be treated (7, 7). 13. Kerb acting as Enclosure (10). 16.

For an'avian ablutioner 'M-t). ISL Oh, I can't imagine St Paul-there (7). 20. American State, 17). 21.

A roiling of the eye (6). 24. The-post for anyone wishing -to go- right: (4). Tke Mteti. wUJ be paMlsftea LM Nil A ItBflWtl H-A-S-S T'l-N GlG A Bi.ClNlLiSlMllSlM A NUM N.D I 2 PJn.

7 57 ajn. 1' 6 51 7 55 ajn. 18 6 53 pjn. 7 52 ajn. "19 6 55 pjn.

7 50 ajn. 20 6,57 pjn. 7 48 ajn. 21 6.59 p-m. 7 46 a.m.

22 7 1 p-m. 7 44 ajn. 23 3 pjn. 7 41 a-m. 24 5 p.m.

7 39 a.m. 25 7 .7 p-m. 7 37'ajn. 26 7 9 pjn. 7 34 27 7.11 p.m.

7-32 28 7-13 7 30 ajn. A PRECAUTION Readers about to' change their address are advised to apply to the Publisher at least 14 days in advance for. a REMOVAL. FORM, the use of which will assist in ensuring supply at the new address. Without this precaution, readers may find the "Manchester Guard Ian -is hot available.

theage-hnut 68 -under the rules ot the C.W-S. CATHEDRAL SERVICES Bemoox it -A 46. Holy si 9 a.m. and Ttrr Mirau: Smtj San a FrKSus 11 -sa. Bapri-nra Alter doc TTtv-f WtdnixJT- Mattes and UHS XL a-m 'Xmuoat: WEson- In fiat: Tbe-bams deeUi V.CBaice).

-Of Id Kit Wmr 1 25 to 1 50 BJB. I TIN R-R 'CRT CWV A Til II TKIJ IJ. VyraC 28 IHt, UST SVEBC Of RATION PERI OO 7 (juuinr. 7 th Hbnory FOOD FACTS NoV.23; Jt i Xa Ii.