The Guardian from London, Greater London, England • 14

1 THE MANCHESTER WEDNESDAY, APRII, 9, ISlS TO'DAY'S ARRANGEMENTS. proved a success. But the monotony ASHANTI POTTERY. SECOND EDITION. THE WEATHER.

SPECIAL MORNING EXPRESS. RUSSIAN LAW IN FINLAND. DUMA ACT ADOPTED BY THE DIET. (Thom oxnt Correspondent .) Helsingfobs, April 1. The Diet has passed, by a large majority, the second reading of a bill which embodies the law passed by the Duma last year conferring the full rights of Finnish citizenship on Russians, resident in Finland.

The Duma law is not recognised as valid in Finland because it was passed over the heads of the Finnish which alone can legally make, laws for Finland. The contents of the law, however, are not in themselves objectionable to the Finns, and the Diet, by passing this bill on its own initiative, desires to show its anxiety to meet Russian wishes in every asoabl" way, always provided that the innish Constitution is respected. It is, of COIlrs hih, ww tb Tsar will sanction the hill, seeing that the Finnophobes nesire, not conciliation, but the destructiou or Finnish autonomy. Should the bill become law, it would put an end to the painful conflicts that have resulted in the wholesale attacks on Finnish Courts and the imprisonment of Finnish in dees in Russia. The opponents of the bill hpro sav that it will be interpreted as a sign of weakness.

Extreme i npiuuiKu amu inai. id may Bone the whole Russn-Finnish problem a mere chimera. The majority of. its supporters be-43 lieve that it cannot do any harm and may do TVTRW PfiT.AT? V.X PHIl I'lTfl TVS BTB. N.

RUDMQSB BEOWST. The attainment of both Poles has not brought Polar exploration to an end, but has turned it rather in a more valuable direction. The race is over, and explorers can turn more assiduously than ever to tbej scientific investigation of the great tin- known xeirions that still remain. In the Antarctic there are enormous areas utterly blank on our maps, and thousands of miles tof missing coastlines, while even in the better explored Arctic there yet Temains a large amount, of nirniwr work to be done. Two most important expeditions are now prepar- inir to Ret.

out to North Polar xeeions, and both are for strictly scientific exploration The one is to be led by Mr. Vilhjalmur Ste fansson, the Canadian explorer, and the other bv Captain Roald Amundsen, the victor of the Iforth-west Passage and the South Pole, Mr. Stefansson, who returned to civilisation only about. a year ago, after spending five years in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, is au Icelander of Canadian birth and. American Upbringing.

His forthcoming expedition was to have set forth under American auspices, but the Canadian Government, realising its importance, have now undertaken the entire financial responsibility. The chief object is the exploration of the great unknown area north of Alaska and the Bering Strait, known as the Beaufort Sea. No ship has ever penetrated into the heart of this region, and it seems quite likely that a considerable area of land lies there. Mr. Stefansson believes that there inay be as much as half a million square miles of land, cither one land or a dense archipelago.

But opinion is very divided on tin's matter. Xansen and many others believe in a deep Beaufort Sea tin- oDstructea except bv floating ice. inis Belief, based on questions of currents, is disputed by many American authorities, who claim that certain tidal phenomena in the Arctic Ocean can be explained only by the existence of land in the Beaufort Sea. It is a problem that can bo solved only by exploration. There seems to be considerable probability of the extension westward of the known Arctic archipelago.

The width of the continental shelf points to this, and we hiive direct evidenre from Peary of land in the northern part of this region, which he saw on his. journey to the Pole. But it may bn said definitely that thnro is no justifica tion tor speaking of a continent hidden away in tln.s the tTra That would be Mr. Stefansso.i will leave Victoria, British Columbia, in the whaler Karluk (200 ton) in thi.s year. A scientific staff of ten will ai-company him.

ami will include Dr. Anderson, his former companion, zoologist 'iid fcfonr! in command; Mr. H. Betichat, a I'loncli uuthropolnirisi, Murray, of Shiu-kletou's Antarctic cxptxlition, who has had a world-wide experience as a naturalist, his latest travels being in the wihU of Bolivia and Peru. A small 13-ton schooner will be employed in addition to the main snip; in an eventuality she may prove of inestimable service.

The" expedition will paas through Bering Strait to Herschell Island, near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Thence the Karluk will duo orth. It new land is discovered a base will br established there for its exploration and sinp mmu hack to ictoria. It is not possible to say bow far ice. may prevent this venule.

Whalers buve gone 200 miles before being stopped bv ice. From year to year no doubt the conditions vary. If no "land is iinind. or if ice or westerly winds prevent northward progress, ihe base will he established in Patrick fsland in about 6deg. and journeys mado menrti to tne east north by sledge.

Meanwhile the secondary base of the expedition will have bc-en established in Victoria Land, chiefly to study the strange tribe of Puropenn-like Eskimo whom Mr. Stefansson discovered on his previous expedition. These isolated people with their non-Eskimo traits constitute one of the riddles of anthropology. The expedition will pay attention to the economic possibilities of all the lands explored, and will take possession of them in the name of Canada. Mr.

Stefansson expects to bo away four years, but hopes to be able to communicate by wireless telegraphy and by the ship which will visit hia base everv summer. Captain Amundsen's expedition has been planned for several years, and, though it is a. North Polar expedition, its story is curiouslv connected with the discovery of the South Pole, for in August, 1910, when Captain Amundsen, on the outward journey of the Fram, to the surprise of all, wrote from Madeira to say that he had changed his plans and was on the way to discover the South Pole before he took the Fram north, he did e.o in the hope of thus raising sufficient funds for this prolonged expedition for which ho is now. preparing. The idea is to repeat Nan-sen's famous drift in the Fram across the Polar basin, but.

by starting further east to drift across a higher latitude than Xansen, and so pass through quite uncharted parts of the Arctic Ocean. The Fram will be forced into the ice north of the Bering Strait, and in four or five, or at the most seven, vears' time Amundsen hopes that she will hnve drifted with the ice in the prevailing cur-Tent and will be liberated somewhere between Spitsbergen and Greenland. The expedition is for purely scientific work sounding, dredging, current observation, meteorologv, and magnetism. Possibly the ship may drift across the Pole, but Amundsen no morn t.ln aims at the Pole. The Fram will be equipped with wireless telegraphy, which will be especially valuable in correlating her long series of meteorological observations with those of sub-Arctic stations.

There is at present a German scheme of Professor Hergesell and Count Zeppelin to erect at least four wireless stations around the Arctic Ocean, in Alaska, Siberia, Spitsbergen, and Labrador respectively. The Fram will aWavs be in touch with one or other of these if her I uiis aaubiuccoruy me win next year, and she will be able to reach that w.rt'vik Panama CanaL On her return to Europe on the completion of her voyage the Fram have circumnavigated North America and so added another triumph to roouro or wunaenui voyages. The danger as Fram was specially built for such work and I a ot a the in its PKEHISTOEIC ENGLISHMEN THE NEW FIND AND THE SUSSEX SKULL. London, Tuesday. Some months ago workmen while digging a deep pit through a steep bank half a mile from the Medway, near Rochester, unearthed a prehistoric skeleton.

The legs were doubled up on the trunk, as is usual in Neolithic burials, but there was no question of burial in this case, as the bones lay six feet deep underneath four distinct and undisturbed strata in a bed of brick earth. Happily, experts were at hand to examine tjie place, and so we have the new find properly placed and dated. There is no room for doubt owing to neglect at the time, as was the case with the skull found at Frodeham, near the Ship Canal. While les. important than the find in Sussex, of which the "Manchester Guardian" published the first news some time since, the Hailing man (his remains were exhibited to night at the Royal Anthropological Institute) is of great interest, as he is a relic from an ace about which the experts are anxiously seeking information.

At present little is known of the kind of Englishmen who lived in that long epoch which intervened between the end of the glacial period and the civilisation of the men whose remains are unearthed from the barrows. This discovery helps to bridge the gulf, for the searchers found just above the skeleton remains of an ancient land surface, with traces of burned wood and bones and worked flints, which led to the conclusion that the man, who perhaps wanned himself at that fire, lived in what is known as the late Pleistocene period that is, the time after the last Glacial Age, when England was becoming the England that we know, with more or less the same climate and the same animals. The interesting thing aboui the skull is that it is absolutely modern in type; indeed the brain capacity is above the modern average. Ihere are no apelike characteristics. Professor Keith tells me that it belonged most likely to a race of rather short, strongly built men of a typo quite common to-day.

and in this is a snarp contrast to the apelike Sussex skull, which is immensely older, perhaps by a million years. To appreciate the interval between the two men you must stand on the lip cf the Weald and seo the reat cup. 400 feet deep, worn ou-. of the chalk by streams through unnumbered centuries. The Sussex man lived before the Weald was carved out.

The Hailing man probably hunted in an ancient river bed of the Medway, when the lie of the land was mucli as it is now. The new find suggests that the history of the modern kind of man must be pushed back much farther than used to be supposed. At the Royal College of Surgeons Museum to-day one was enabled bv the courtesy of Professor Keith to inspect a cample of the old surface of the earth on which the Hnllmg man and his fellows lived and hunfpd. There were unmistakable tracts of charred wood and bone and a fragment of flint worked by human hands Apelike Man. As it happened, the famous Sussex skull was exhibited for the first time this afternoon, when Dr.

Smith Woodward lectured upon it at the Eo3'al Institution. It has only been seen previously at a private meeting of learned men. On the lecturer's desk was a strange apelike head moulded in plaster, with a skull looking much as in modern man. and without great brow-ridges but with great projecting jaws. This is the model which has been constructed from die fragments of fossilised bone turned up in an ancient gravel bed on the Weald together with the bones of the mastodon and tin: Pliocene hippopotamus.

The very pieces were handled by the lecturer and fitted one by one into their places upon a model of the brain such as the creature must have possessed. The pieces are enormously thick, far thicker than the skull bones of a negro, and the four bits, collected after weeks of sifting, are jut sufficient to allow of complete construction. The piece of jawbone is the amazing thing. The brain is human, although according to Professor Elliot Smith, of Manchester (who is preparing a paper on the for the Royal society it is the lowest type of human brain ever seen. Ihe jaw is apelike but for the fact tnat the two teeth are essentially human.

Dr. Binitn woodward suggestion was that at this stage the brain and skull of man were fashioned before the jaw was complete." The face is half-way between ape -and man. and in tins respect we may have found a missin" link xiiih orea-iure a woman probably was right handed, but the examination of the brain char aciers leads to the conclusion that she had no power of articulate speech. After the lecture aonie cnsunguisneu scientists mingled with aigiicseers who crowded round the table where were laid these eloquent bits of humanity and me nuiracHui piece ot reconstruction. SOUTH MANCHESTER LIBERALS AND THE SEAT.

eir Dormer presided last night at a puulie meeting in the Princess Road Sch.ol Hi? one desire in remaining in political life (lie said i was to see Sir Arthur Ha worth again returned to the position he ought never to have lost. They realised after Sir Arthur's defeat that they had lost a member who had done gocd service, not only for South Manchester but for the whole of Manchester. He was con fident that when the political circumstances which led to that defeat had passed awav, and when the benefits of the Insurance Act became fully known, Sir Arthur Haworth would triumphantly regain the seat. That at anv rate was his hope and object in continuing to wor' among them, and he was glad td know they all intended to work harmoniously and unani mously for that nurncse Mt. P.

M. Oliver snoke first of Tariff ntnm Afterwards, referring to the bill for the abolition oi piuxai voung miroaucea tnat day hi the Commons, he said that as poor men were mon affected by taxation thev had the bieeest sta-p in the House of Commons, and therefore had me ritcni ai wasi to me same voting power as mm) ntu. -me average constituenov tn iingland Scotland, and Wales contained I2.nnn ALc.if svrc and there were 254 above the average and 313 oeiuw it. jian iue ijiuerais iu me House of Commons represented large constituencies" and half small ones, whereas 61 per cent of the Conservatives represented small constituencies. Many men had two votes, and the Liberal idea was tnat an men snouia De made equal in voting power.

Sir Arthur Haworth said exaetlv fi had passed since Mr. Asquith became Prime Minister. What years thev had been If they looked back through all the history of years more fruitful of fine legislation than tho five in which Mr. Asquith had led the House oi LOiumons. tact wnicn caused thm to rejoice was that the nation was at and that no matter how near the Great Powers jiau.

uwu to war hi-js peace oi tne world had been preserved. Every Englishman, Frenchman, German, Austrian, and Italian could feel thankful that England had produced a man like Sir Edward. Grey to preserve the Concert of Europe, Instead of their financial position goin- to the dogs, as they were always being told it was, they knew they were in the solid position paying their way without borrowing. They had paid their way without DUttins- taxation on the necessaries of the people, and einee cue iaiTciaio uuue xiiio power Jiad paid no less than 78.000,000 off the National Debt. The famous Budget of Mr.

Llovd Genrm given them the money, and they were srend-it on national defence and on distinctly social purposes for which they had called through Ions and weary years. The Immnrnv, a was one of their greatest social reforms. nt the Tories were now certainly regretting that thev lost a chance of -showing their nati-wicm i and desire to work for the good of the people WJrlfci. tC lliLU II XO KrmA aavantase oy-ejectiona bv rjipkmi- holm: in KnmArKa Aait. I of HU( wo AlllAlO or no xana mil be sighted during the lone drift, and the explorers will have no oppor- uiuuiy wi inaaing sieage journeys to vary xne daily routine of observations, linlnss the shin drifts within sight of some new island.

Cap- tain Amundsen is one of the few men who could cheerfully undertake a task like this, al1 bav.ndf de. most if nt all, are men who have previously sailed Wlth him either the nQrth Qr The results of this expedition may therefore be looked forward to with great confidence. r- 'V' 1m tne chief. dgam sail wim ms iorrasr everal other less ambitious expeditions for scientific exploration are being organised to North Polar regions. Notable among them is a proposed French expedition to the little- norwi-eastern part of the archipelago of ranz Josef Land.

It will be under M. de Payer, sou of the discoverer of Franz Josef Land, who is a French citizen, although the son of an Austaian. While Dr. Mawson and a small party of the Australasian Antarctic expedition are continuing their work in Wilkes' Land, the brief announcement is made of a new Antarctic expedition. Sir Ernest Shackleten has announced that he intends shortly to head a new expedition to the Antarctic for scientific exploration.

No details have been published as yet, but it is not unlikely that Shackleton is contemplating the exploration of Edward Land and the coast to the east. The work would bo most important, but beset with difficulties, of which perhaps the greatest will he the raising of the necessary funds, for Britain, despite her unrivalled record in Polar regions, is less willing than'most countries to find the money for such expeditions. THE NEW STATESMAN." MR. SIDNEY WEBB ON ITS AIMS AND METHODS. Londo.v, Tuesdat.

The first number of the new sixpennv weekly "The New Statesman" will appear on Satur day r.ext. Its general format will be that of a political and literary review of the type of the Nation or the Spectator." According to the prospectus, the distinctive object of the new journal will be to give an opportunitv for the continuous expression of Collectivist opinion on ait tne topics of the day and for the steadv devclopment of Collectivist theory and policy 1 A "i me ugin ot tne experience afforded hv the chanpinp economic circumstances of the different nations of vhe civilised world. With this essentially constructive policy in view as tlie first object of the venture, the aim will be to produce a paper which in point of the intrinsic quality of its criticism, both political and literary, caii afford to challenge comparison with any existing publication." The journal is owned by a small private company, the board of directors inchidiiis- Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb.

Mr. Bernard Shaw, Mr. E. Whitlev, and Mr. H.

D. Harben. Mr. Sidney Webb this niornine srave to the London representative of the "Manchester Guardian some information as to the aims ano: policy of the paper. Its distinctive feature," he said, "will be its point, of view absolutely untrammelled hv party, or sect, or creed.

Its standpoint may be described as that of a sane and constructive Collectivism. Its general attitude wiTl he that best designated by the term but it will be our endeavour to bring to light and to appreciate in a wide catholic spirit all those features in other social projects or movements which can he recognised as making for j.ro-gress. A number of those connected with it are members of the Fabian Society, but this is true of nearly every enterprise nowadays, and the paper is in no sense the organ of the Fabian Society, any more than it will be that of the Liberal party. It is going to be really independent. It is obvious to every thinking person that there must be very large changes in social reform during the next few years, and in our view these changes will he disastrous unless they are founded u.jon clear thinking and scientific knowledge as well as goodwill.

In our view they must necessarily be in the direction of increasing the corporate life and activity of the community and in maintaining a national minimum civilised life as a partnership between the indhidual and the community a whole. These changes will take various forms sometimes collective ownership, sometimes collective r-c-gulaiion (such as that, of the minimum wage law and a great stride onward in the collective assumption of unearned increment and rent and collective provision for the non-effectives. On such questions the new journal will seek to spread the knowledge and information essential to sound solutions. Subject Supplements." The New Statesman 1 will not be all politics. While will deal with all political questions, it will also include, a great deal of literature, not only reviews of books but also original hrllr Unres.

A ppeoial feature will he the supplements, not merely the literary supplements which are so of ren an excuse for publishers' advertisements, but subject snpple-n en ii.c, supplements dealins from points oi view witn some particular subject perhaps a complicated bill in Parliament or iar-reacning measure like the Insurance Act, question, or some great intellectual or religious movement. These supplements will contain contributions from expert got this idea from the the little monthly journal of the Lommittse for the Prevention of uesutuuon, ot wnicn Mrs. Webb has been honorary secretary. The subject supplements wnicn accompanied tnat journal have been auu xiave supplied a want outer paper imnis. 'A standing feature will be a weeklv article dealing with the pubho affairs of one "or other tne important extra-European communities British and foreign Canada.

Japan India Australia, China, and South AfrierK problems of which receive at present practicailv no notice in this British rooc. iaLucauj tion will be devoted to India. Another diS: tive feature will be a periodical survey of all Government Blue-books. The Government the largest publisher in the coimtn- lishes extremely interesting and matter, but it does this in a format li impossible and in a wav which makes Ji. difficult to buy the books.

Sink thai ably edited descriptive account of all the prin cipal omeial publications at regular be very useful. You must nf The New Statesman is going to be all books. Mr. Bernard Shaw if af regular contributor, and will write in -what it for him a rather novel wav -1 IS mously. He has authorised us to sav that journal is to be his regular means of eommnnf eating with the public.

The editor is Aw ford Sharp. Mrs. Webb and I win 'iiff-J lf" Iarly for the paper and the first number will contain the first of a series rrf "Our appeal for subscribers has met with remarkable response. have actuallv nt 2,200 people who have paid iu advance fj 1 ttr a rvaner which th- iur a Illve not seen prospectus subscribers have been pouring from all parts of the countrv. tyV haTf Chester, including some well-known oitb1r" The list is a very remarkable one, not ohIv in extent but its character, as it inolud J9 ties, professors, and teachers ofali kinrfa CHEEKS USKJHTLT- WJTH nfireify Albert Sosd.

Packhmm. had ttnm tk- under tb knee and elbow feints. Sha EuLfeJ vaehtm. They Bot omecuticSi sow SS QlneBB and KW5luwJHJjnjcjr of ill FORECASTS FOR TO-DAY. The following forecasts of to-day's weather were issued by the Meteorological Office last night Lancashire and thb North-West (No.

7). North-westerly and westerly breezes, freshening fair to dull, some rain, misty in places; moderate temperature. Nobth-Eastebn Counties (No. 2). Light northerly and north-westerly breezes dull to fair or fine, slight local showers; moderate temperature after early morning frost in places.

The Midlands and West Riding (No. -4). Same as No. 2. London and the Sooth-East (No.

5). Same as No. 2. The Sea. The sea is slight to very smooth nearly everywhere.

GENERAL CONDITIONS. An anticyclone beyond our north-western 4.1 coasts is drifting southward, and the wind over this country is therefore expected to back into the norLh-western quarter, with less settiea weather in the north. YESTERDAY IN MANCHESTER. Manchester Univehsitt Meteorological Observatory. Whitworth Park.

Anril 8. 1913, 9 p.m. Slight rain at first: fair to fine, intermittent sun shine later; milder. Barometer rising after slight tall. Temperatckb (in shade).

To-rt iv. Lost vaar. Past 2 liour. 44 0 49-3 53-0 47-6 43-3 Lowest 470 Highest on black bulb, 87 9 a.m 9 p.m, Sunshine in. 35m.

Last year 4h. 20m. Last 9 m. Humidity (rer cent of saturation) 8 Trace 0-039in, a p.m. lb oritUr.

29-963 30-109 N. to N.E. Barometer (corrected) Tundav. At9a.ni 30-143 At 9 p.m 30 149 Wind. A gentle breeze, direction average velocity 8 miles au hour.

Sunrtasi Sou. Keti. To-day 5 24 6 57 58 a.m. 10 48 p.m. To-morrow 5 'ii 6 59 6 19 a.m.

Fur every tea miles north of Manchester uunset la later by 15 seconds. LAMP-TIME FOR CYCLISTS TO-DAY 7 57 p.m. A COUNTRY DIARY. April 8. The male yellow wagtails when they first arrive are as brilliant as canaries, and show much more yellow than the long-tailed grey wagtails.

They have reached this district; I heard of the first on Sunday, only a few days seen as it was going to roost with pied in one of our large local reed-beds. More su-allows and willow wrens, still fairlv earlv. are reported. One of the former was flying round Leasowe Castle a week ago, and the latter singing near Jforthwich last Friday. Other re ports are from further afield.

Starlings are beginning to lay, and some of them are in such a hurry that they cannot wait until tne nests aie complete. Not only was the first starling's egg which I have seen found on the grass, but it was strangely malformed. It was shaped rather like a squat banana, both heinir TWiinferl Small tortoiseshellK anrl otW hnt(artll 1- wlncn hibernate were abroad Februarj-, but th nf nf i u' :1 "I unusual small copper butterflies enjoying themselves over the turf of the Delatnere golf links. The small copper generally has three broods in the season, but the first is seldom on the wing betore the beginning of May UICCUlUg grounos some tune ago, as already announced, and now buds are on passage through the lowlands, where they do not nest. I saw a pair, the male a jdendid bird, in Marbury Park.

T. A. C. INCOME LIMIT FOR MEDICAL BENEFIT REJECTED BY THE BURY COMMITTEE. At the meeting of the Bury Insurance Committee last night Dr.

"Cook moved that the Committee take the necessary steps to fix an income-limit, above which an insured person should be required to make his own arrangements fur receiving medical treatment. He pointed out that the income-limit, was one of the "cardinal points" drawn up by the medical profession. Dr. Turnbull, in seconding, said that the Act accepted the principle of an income-limit but there was no provision for income of a person. That day he had received, medical ticket from a person who lived in his own house.

Tt was bigger than the one Dr. Turnbull lived in. As such persons required more attendance than poorer persons, it meant that poorer persons were paying for his benefits tne Act conceded an income-limit, and it assumed that local committees woull fiv tb limit. The doctors dioTjiOt desire striotly to enforce the limit if one were fixed. The Chairman (Mr.

W. A ti'h' hope that the resolution woulri I no "pas, The resolution was defeated by fifteen votes to six IMPRISONED MINERS AT HARWOOD. JREAT After eleven hours continuous work 200 prisoned miners wta im- rnii. CT Vw yiclay. The two cages got out of rear in th lift with the resnlt that ther.

wal TcioT Both cages were Tendered useless. 1 -J WJ- IAJ SI1it. come auu miners ww below at the tirne. but fortunately no ZZ lnjurea. ine officials at once resortorl I tA pit box.

and this worked inJEFf hours, bringing batches of 7 four from thTISr wd making oer 50 journevWio? taken below for those minir- i considerable h-frI -u walt! carried to the summit. The men reMZTiCl uicji i urn came tn monotony by singing popular airs. It is expected that the pit will not, reopen for several A DESPERATE BUSINESS." HORSES STOLEN AND SLAUGHTERED IX LONDON. Henry Clark (52). carman Charles Wood (4Si butcher; Joseph Schol field i.33, labourer: and James Laeey (37).

horse dealer, were mnrioto I Si the Old Bailey yesterday of stealing horses receiving them when stolen. prosecuted, said that Llark had a stable, which was fitted up as a slaughter-house. It was alleged that the horses were stolen, taken to the stable, and slaughtered Their hides were sold for what they would fetch, and the flesh was also disposed "of Inspector Yeo said that Wood for some time had been hawking meat in the East End, but whether it was horse flesh or not it was impossible to say. Laeey was actually arrested when leading a stolen horse. Scholfield had served a sentence of six years' penal servitude and he was associated with some of the most expert horse thieves in London.

Judge Rentoul said that horse-stealing was a desperate crime. Horses valued at- from 50 70 had been stolen and slaughtered for their hides and their flesh, which was sold as cat's uicu. J.U was a itmure uusuibm tlOTSes had ueeii suuiea iioui aua out. OI neids. sentenced.

la the second the second I I L(utv(ar 50'0 3 I i ill I Si. (C), Si. 486. T. E.

818: E. v. MR. W. BURTON ON THE WORK 3 OF PRIMITIVE RACES.

At the meeting yesterday of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Mr. W. Burton read a paper on the Mack pottery from Ashanti and the Gold Coast. He said that the making of unglazed pottery which is grey or black throughout its substance is a constant feature of the work of many primitive, races. Recently some specimens of black pottery had been received from the Gold Coast which were manufactured by.

the native women, and indi cated, a very simple and primitive method such as would hardly have been predicted by a modern potter. He described the method of working by hand on a piece of board. The pots were shaped hy the fingers from a native clay, which would naturally bum to a red colour in the ordinary way. Even the most I Ill i rJ I I 1- be unknown, and it was interesting to observe the perfection of the round forms obtained without its use. When the pots had been roughly shaped they were carefully smoothed, rolished with stones, and a pattern was scraped in the clay with the edges.

The operations were conducted under a rough grass thatch, to protect them from the wind, and' during the firing the pots were constantly turned by the aid of a stick. Specimens of the clays, polisliing implements, ana the finished pots were shown, as well as several which had been prepared at Clifton Junction from a local Ted brick clay and blackened in the same way. Professor Weiss (president of the Society) said he had examined the leaves, stems, and fruits submitted to him by Mr. Burton, and found that they helongcd to a well-known tropical tree. Aififartliiiin nriifmtar, the fruit of which is known as the cashew nut.

The leaves exuded a neculiar oil. which had the nronerty of turn ing black in the air. hut it appeared more prob able that the blackening in Question as aue to alone- THE JUVENILIA ATTRIBUTED TO SWINBURNE. Mr. Edmund Gosse on Saturday announced as a discovery of importance to bibliographers and of some interest to ihe general reader." that the author 'of the series of verses which appeared the initials C.

in FraserV Magazine between 1846 and 1856 and have lern idely attribuK-d to Swinburne and termed his had "nothing to do with Swinburne or with any of the Swinburne family." Mr. said it was known who the author was, but did not. give hi? name. The "filolic" yesterday anriouuceii that it as able to stale that thf author was Sir Anthony Ciitinmphdni Sterling, K.C.B., who served through lie Mutiny under Sir Colin Campbell, afterwards Lord Clyde, and was previously Brigade Major of the Highland Brigade in the Crimea. Ha a brother of the Rev.

John Sterling, whose life" was written by his friend Carly'e, and a son of the Captain Edward Sterling who, according to Carlyle, in the fame work, "thundered to the shaking of spheres in the columns of the 'Times' newspaper." A book of his letters from the Crimea were published many years ago. and some of the contributions which appeared in were collected and printed privately under the title "Metrical Miscellanies." WELSH DISESTABLISHMENT. BISHOP AND A CONTRADICTION OF LIBERAL PRINCIPLES. The Bishop of St. David's, speaking at Rawtenstall last night, said tlnvt the Colonial Secretary, whose views were of special interest to the elec-tors of the Rossendale division, had laid down the doctrine, in discussing another bill in the House of Commons of 24, that the Parliament Act was not intended to pass measures which had not been before the country and which did not command popular support.

lhis doctrine, which he applied to a pioposal which he disliked, was equally applicable to the Welsh Disestablishment Bill. The Colonial Secretary looked to election addresses and speeches oi candidates during the general election as two tests whether a proposal had or had not been pioperly placed before the country at the genera election. Judged by thete two tests the Welsh Disestablishment Bill was i.ot before the electors of England during the last general election. more than four Liberal candidates in England mentioned Welsh disestablishment, in their election addresses, ami. far as he could ascertain, no Cabinet -Minister discussed it in any speech anywher inrinvj the last stencral election.

All that the Prime Minister did was to mention it just before the last encral election in his speech at Hull by way of formal noti-e, as if he were serving a summons to a county court. That was not the way in which Mr. loadstone put Irish disestablishment before the country in Lancashire and elsewhere during Ibo general election of 1868. To divide the Church of England into two parts by Act of Parliament against the will of Churchmen in England and Wales was a flagrant violation of the principle of religious liberty with which the. best traditions of the Liberal party had been always associated.

To violate tills principle without anv- precedent. either in this country or in anv other countrv in modern times, ano to do so without the support 011,1 majority 01 tne memners trom isngiana and vaies taicon together, lieins the part of the United Kingdom specially affected bv this proposal, was a cynical contradiction of "all Liberal pnneipLes as nitnerto understood. The Westminster Gazette." alarmed bv the reduction of the Government's majority on Mr. France's amendment to less than half its normal dimensions, showed in a leading-article that it realised tne pern wnicn tne Dill incurred from this wide spread sense ot its meanness. What was the argument urged toy tins enlightened journal upon LUeTal members to overcome their sense 01 meanness and vote for the bill? It was the oitumcui uusii, eian out would jorm a precedent tor the secularisation of the endowments-of the Church in England, and that therefore, for the sake of precedent, the of the Church must be deprived of all its ancient endowments.

The Manchester Guardian had not hitherti a' far as he could recollect, faced the contradiction of Liberal principles involved in dismemberment nor faced the constitutional question in the light of Liberal principles, whether it was right for the Government, without putting the IE-sue before the country, to outrage the consciences of Churchmen in England as u-li ales by the ultimate secularisation of all the ancient endowments of the poorest part of the Church by way of precedent, without a majority of members from England and Wales taken, together behind the bill. He was emboldened by the fairness with which that great organ of Liberal principles-discussed criticisms of Liberal policy to invite its attention to tho twn mmh, he had raised that evening. COLLISION ON THE DOGGER BANK. HUTCH SEAMEN RESCUED BY HULL TRAWLER. The Hull trawler Angus arrived in tha Humber last night, having on board the bod- of the captain of a Rotterdam fishing vessel wnicn had been sunk a collision on the Dogger Bank.

The Dutch boat's crew numbered sixteen. All were rescued except the skipper who was the last to leave the sinking vocr and was drowned by the. eansizinir of a Knt which he tried to reach the Angus. SjrALL-POX AT A second; case of small-pox at Oldham was reported to the health authorities vesterdav. The patient a you ok woman, was Kmnn r.

the small-pox hospital. She lived in Mie same nei.hlxjurhood as tlie sirl found to hf from the disease last week. The annual meetings of the Derbyshire Con gregational Union were opened at Glosson ves terdav andwere well attended. The chairman the Union for the ensuing year is Mr. Alexander Todd, secretary of the ChesterfterH hi.

rit uemonstn a- Lion was neia- a a De at or to in in 1: House of -Commons: Revenue Bill and further stages of the Army Annual Bill and Prisoners Discharge Bill. Sir Kufus Isaacs and Lord Beauchamp at City. Liberal Club. The King and 'Queen visit Woolwich and Royal Military Academy. International Historical Congress: Viii Oxford ana hukjkjh.

Manchester Town Hall: Boys' and GirV Refuses Meeting, 30; League Meeting, 3 30. Cheshire Congregational Association Meeting, Hatherlow, 7 .30. Diocesan Church House: Women Workers' Meeting. 3. Parish Register Society, Chatham's Hospital, z.

and K.W.R. Ambulance Competition, Vue. Chancerv of Lancashire Assize Courts, 10 45: Xewall v. Gibbons. MAXCHESTER GUARDIANS.

THE OLD BOARD REELECTED. Polling in the-triennial election of the Chester Board of Guardians took place Monday, and the result was declared at o'clock yesterday. The counting three and a half hours although there wem assistants. owing to eomplieations arising of the fact of each elector having 15 votes Ti.r-successful 15 candidates and the votes they cured were as follows: Aid. D.

McCabc, 1.7--: votes; Joseph O'Neill, Hugh Fay. Miss Marv Fitzsiinpns, 1,416: Jesse Art.v-.r Taylor, Richard Harding Williams. 1.235; Peter Bratt, Aldernian John R. lni-b. Councillor James Johnson, 1,193: E.iv.

G. Simpson, G. H. Russell, Kdith M. Sweeny, 1.113; -T.

B. Gainer, R. J. Matthews, Walter Firman, l.OU The ten unsuccessful candidates poll-M follows: John Hoey, 845: Alfred Ogdcn, t-i; J. T.

Chppman, 628: Mrs. Clara Booth, 612; Annot Charles E. BiierU-v. William Dale, 564; George 558: PaTn. Power.

425; and George Stephenson. 359. The result emphasises the statement made- McCabe a. week last Sunday New Islington Hall about the laek of interest taken by the generally in the proceedings of au which has so much to do with th 1 i health of the poorest sections of thn cr.v...lm nity. There are 25,369 voters on the and the voters who secured ballot 3,239.

Sixteen papers were Three years ago 4,371 out of a possible" went to the poll. All the 15 candidate elected were nominated by Sir William 'u (Conservative) and Sir Alexander The three changes on the Board, as with the-1910 election, are due to the -Mr. Quinn Ruddin and Mrs. Rose Hylana 1 the retirement of Mr. Thomas Watmo'ugh.

one of the tieiv-comers. is a the late Mrs. Rose Hyland. The chief of interest to which public attention was drawn in the contest was that of the the three Manchester unions. Both tin Mar.

Chester Township and the Prestwicli have expressed' themselves as opposed to i largely on the ground that, it would Isad 't extravagance rather than economy of manise. ment. On the other hand, the six out. of rV.a remaining ten candidates who stood priman'-in Labour interests were all in favour of gamation, which, they contended, would tend to effect greater economy efficiency, but also to bring about a desiraKe unification of rates in the city. Sir Theodore and Lady Doxford.

of Hail. Sunderland; yesterday celebrated :h.r golden wedding. Sir Theodore is the head the famous Wearside shipbuilding iind engineer- and these were nresent at a familv dinner tiAirf at. nr1rn Ha tact niohf and Lady Doxford have five children and CS 7'ESTMACOTT'S TONIC QUININE CHAMP AQSTE. AU hatalm.

smnan 17 UiAilll BLAIN UANKINSON, PHARILCEUTICAL CHEMISTS. 69. MARKET MANCHESTER. Telephone No. 4040 Ciw.

WOOLLEY-S "JECOVOL." WOOLLEY'S VAT.K AXENDALES FURNTTr-RR. MOURNING. DRESSES AND SUITS DYED. So TTnmaklnr. No Shrinkage.

Brsasbes Evorywhst. JOHNSON BootU Dya Works LIVERPOOL, Announcements of Birtlis. Marriages, and Deaths :in.i In Memoriam Kotices are charged at the following raiea: TWo LIKES Is. 6L, and 6d. each Additional Line.

Notices of Thanks are charged Is. a Line. BIRTHS. BAYLET. On Tuej-Jay, 8th April 1913.

at, 12. Irff'ni K03 I. DOIK.rport the wife of IIUUH BAT LEY, CABDWPXf On April 8. at Aiwlelt, Lit- Bhicklcy, the wife of JOHN" MALT a sun. rOtVKTJE.

At 42. Malonn Park, Ballast, nn 7ih nif ihe wiln of F. M. I'OWK KE, of a dai.shter. MARRIAGES.

HUGHES EXT. On April 8. at flio of Hnly Samp, ONford Hnad, bv th R. I. Patrick.

HERHERT, vo'iinpst Ftn i-i Mi. Mrs. HUGHES, of Z75. Moss LVni E-it. to youngost daughter of Mr.

Mrf. KENT, i''-. llumford Street. Maiiohfswr. HUTCHESSOX TITCK.

On t.hf 8ih at. All Church, Snuthpnrt, by the lirv. T. H. of Chamock Hkh.ird, L'horlpy.

a'sis'fd I'v ''i'" E. M. Francey, ADA, eldest dauslitfr of T. of Chaseley, Alhert Itoail. S-urhpcir: of Charnock House.

Chorlevl, to Captain HCTCHESSOX, Spigneur 'du l.e i Ouemspy. DEATHS. BOWES. On th 7th at 33. Jloxley Koad.

Tt Crumpsall. SARAH, widow of the late James in her 74th year. Interment at ChotJar.i Wesleyan Cemetery on Thursday the 10th ir'-. -twelve o'clock. Friends please accept This 0- intimation.

BSOOKS. SEPD05T BEOOKS. 101, Street, Heywood. Born July 8. 1850; liieA s.

1913. Formerly of William Smith and Broth rV. Ironworks, Heywood, Utterly iviih Robert. H.il! 3 Sons, Hopo Foundry, Bur'- Interment nr. on Friday, at 4 30 p.m.

Frientia this (the only) intimation. CLAEK. HABEY CLAKK, on the 4th at the Tim'. Infirmary, age4 24, youngest son of Henry X. ria-'.

Griffin Hotel, Heaton Mersey. Inlennriit. (Wednesday), 3 p.m. Southern Oemrtnrv OEOMPTOX. Oa April 5, at BournemouUi.

ASK CItOMPTOX, J.P-, of High Crompton. ag'd 52 Interment at Shaw Church this iay i UV.irios.iv at twelve o'clock noon. All inquiries to SatterfleW, Bye, and Manchester. 0UXBABIX. On- th 7th inst, at Astmrvr suddenly, OEOSGB DUXBABIK1 (lite of itanchester), sed .62 years.

Interment Cemetery 3 p.m. Friday. Friends iuidlv accci-' (the orjlv) intimation. ELLF.BBECK. On.

the 6th at Youigreave, 1.1 widow of Richard Brown ELLEEBECK, of Ra- in her 80th year. FORT. On the 7tb at Grantor Road, JOH tTjitr, soiicuor, only son of-Thomns Knrt, his 32nd year. interment- at the Boroach rn'-v at 2-30 on Friday the 11th lust. Xo by request.

HEAP. On the 7th at the Salisburv Ect'l. i.i HELEN OERTKUDE. eldest daughter of Hi" Jonathan and Hannah HEAP. LEE.

On March 19, at Los Angeles, Caiifornia, rrii; nuvnuL.f, Si years, deariv beloved -i Richard Arthur LEE and daughter-ia-law of Krj; -Lee. Snedlev ilanchester. liOilAS. On the "7th. at Prospect House.

-I-m Street. Sale, Cheshire, MARTHA, the dearlv wife of Edward LOMAS. Deenlv O'BBrEyl-n trie Bth at Camn street. oiuukumiu, dtTWAnu, oeiovea Husband of -u O'BBIEX, in his 71st year. B.I.P.

Cemetery this day (Wednesdav), 3 p.ru. Vo t-by special request. SIDDALL. WIIXIA-H EDWARD, on the Slh Birchneld. oiaae Lane, youngest son of the Edward and H.

J. SIDDALL. ajfer ihr-" days' illness, -oi-pneumonia, gcd 26 li.f ment Southetn Cemetery three' o'clock" Fri'tav. flowera, by request. Friends kindly aocent.

this intimation. SMITH. On the 8th April, at MerlcworW. Wilmslow Road, Fallowfield, WALTER SMITH ac: 46 year. STELFOX.

Onthe 7th at.Crowley, Brooklands. av A efini.ro.. Intenuent at Bru.jV lands. Cemetery on Thursdav, at one o'clcr-fc. quiries to- W.

and J. 8th iait-. Holly Mouut, Toii-rrtf iiwuw ot Hill, wid'w "i Joseph Zanetti, in her 83rd vear. Funeral Mount, Tottington, Thursdav, April 10, at 5 ni. The of the late Mrs.

PAILIS desire to th.ir.'.- 7 i "i Klna sympathy and Bora! tnbu" in their sad bereavement. 18. Woodland Road, Levenshulme. addreased-either to the Editor or "MUiuaaser' tnU8l. eo far as praen-raMe.

"ley Will ha -retiimabl '2a and Published hV -inmv bwbiam jV Ouardun Buiidi0s. 3. SS'Lor Wednesday, April 9, 1913. good. April 8.

The Diet has passed the third readinc of the bill conferring full rights of Finnish! oiiiaensnip on Kussians resident inland MR. GdRDON HARVEY, M.P., AND THE MARCONI COMMITTEE. The "Times" says: llr. Gordon Harvev is tils third member tn retire from the Marconi Committee, and in his nhice Sir V. Essex is nominated.

GREAT BRITAIN AND THE CHINESE REPUBLIC. The following question and answer appear in yesterday's Parliamentary papers anions ques- tions not answered orally J. D. Rees asked the Foreign Secretary when Great Britain would recognise the new Government in China; whether such recogni- 'iu. i'" mimi quewions pena 19 i ii i i r-v ri 4 iti sani i ri inn 11 mg between Great Britain and China; and, if so, whether Tibet and the opium difficulty were included among such questions.

Mr. Acland replied in a written answer: At the time of the establishment of the present administration in China, His Majesty's Govern- "T- Bmhli a ,77 nuuven, JJ luummi fuiHug trom treaties and established customs and 1 -n enjoyed by British subjects. To these views His Majesty 's Government still adhere. THE CLERGY PENSIONS FUND. VICAR OF MOSSLEY'S FRANK STATEMENT.

held at the Mosslev Parish Srhor.l. nicht to amnna Chester Diocesan finance, scheme. The Vicar (the Rev. C. H.

Baggott), who pre siaed, having explained the objects of the scheme, Mr. J. Taylor said he was opposed to i-uiiurujuuiig Lowarfi6 pensions lor tne clergy. ne bain ne nan; been attending church for 60 ears, and 4ie was as far off a pension as when he started. (Laughter.) The Vicar observed that if he had to depend upon the living of Mossley he would be in the bankruptcy court before very long.

The first three years he was in the parish he was 150 out of pocket. They said Mossley was a good living because it was worth perhaps 6 a week. That might seem very much to many people. But he could tell them that if he put the stipend on. the doorstep and put half-a-crown in his pocket he should be better off bv half than he was at present so far as his stipend was concerned.

Was it hard, he added, to ask for a small contribution towards the Clerv Pensions Institution GTARDIAXS ELECTIONS. Burnley Union. Polling took place in three out of the four wards at Burnley. I-: results were as follows North Ward jiedeo, w. vi.

trraham (L) 1,359. Hedges (Li 1,271, G. H. fimit.h r. Mrs.

1,270, 167, Father rather Harrison CPr. Jonn T. Westa 1 i 17a- (Soc) 521, S. wood (Eoc) 346, Mites Alderson VKniSon wrfi BOC' Jolm Green. rnspw-ativ fTT T2ree the net alt i a gaTrfiSo sift Conservatives from the Liberals m-WPKt ll'3Tf ve IIt- i oerais.

ISlectt "Inrl Andrew Smith (L rn- nrtif V81' w- E- Cbar (C 'cl'WtTL 3lS 1.040, (B! JAs H. Carter CIndl Rf ncr.cnne (hoc) 662. Brieecliffe. Bannister Kirwan John Tavlor iTA 234. KPan.

(Lab), 227; TkTTT BTTinr -r aaurea uonsaaie (Li) loo- rr Banks (Srvl R4 lsw lU AVoksthorne. Alfred H. Pickles (Pi ti John W. Porter 116. (C), 131; BLACKoT.

Ridehalg, 60; J. x. Harttey 49 recorded as the net result the Bta senatiye candidal defeated the members. The KtWrL I2f lows Peter's: R. Cross fC.

710- r'T-Jrf' s-haw (Hi. KM T.ln, tov Grim- Matthew'-, j. tSnitV" cnange. 7.. '2' Dew.

change. Trinity: T. Lucas (C. S38 i 870; C. Murfitt (I.L.P.), 480 N0 ohan John's: W.

Cross (C, 657; mSSS 591; P. Makin 523; HindfeT One Conservative Markt itr' Biothers (TCi. 765: T. J7.rKJ- M. Charnley 6681 No cbangt' avl' W.

Hitchen iC. 865: W.Jenkins 1-leming (I.L.P.). 550. No 22.1 Stephen's T. Lund (Q.

851; P. Hargreaves7o J. Johnson (TC). 60S: V. Pt.Ss 1.

The figures in the contest for Heaton Noiris parish were: Miss Blackman 422- Barton 415. Yesterday Colonel Oliver Ormerod Walker Chesham, Bury-, completed fifty years as i :uixiBi.iiii "i mi vuuaty uivisinn ri I 1 OCT. i uui, elected, jurs. Jr'oo-pleton (Sec.) 507, R. T.

Phillips Soe) 470 Curtis (fcoc) 44. South Ward: Elected, Marshall Arthur F. Sutcliffe (1)1325 1.2(6; not elected, R. Cxeeke (Soc) 377 Peter (Sec) 351, Mrs. Moon (Soc 315, Jamil Camm (boc.) 302.

"West Ward- Eleot William Whittaker (C) 1.417. K1 1 was noi. tne fieaior magistrate of that IS4ftSo0n Ucket-f-Ieave, to three years' penal, diviaion hut as the fourth in length of service. eervitnd' Joa the Ustfpr the couBty. service..